Cost Accounting Traditional Costing System

Question: Discuss about the Cost Accountingfor Traditional Costing System. Answer: Introduction: It is the costing technique which is used to allocate all the cost in separate department. Costing technique helps in providing all the required information to top management department and bifurcate all the cost in its relative departments. In this report ABC costing technique has been taken into consideration for the effective management of costing process in traditional costing system. Traditional Costing System: It is the one of the old system which is used by companies to allocate the cost in different departments. This technique is used to evaluate the average cost of overhead. This approach helps in bifurcation of cost in different departments and provides direct and indirect cost to the particular costing departments and evaluates cost in separate department by using cost working hours and labor engaged. (Garrison et al, 2010). Activity Based Costing: It is also ABC costing which is used in all the production houses activities consisted with manufacturing of products. It is used to assign the cost to each and every activity of production departments as per the different nature of cost and other elements it is used to provide exact cost of production and cost per unit. This technique is used to allocate cost to different production department. It is helpful in reducing the cost of production by reducing error chances and mistakes in process system. (Rasiah, 2011). This ABC technique is completely different from its traditional costing approach. Key Differences Between Traditional Costing Approach and ABC Costing Design There are several differences between traditional costing approach and ABC costing design Traditional costing allocates the cost as per the allocated overhead cost and ABC technique allocates cost as per the nature of total cost. Traditional costing technique is not used for dept information to allocate cost in different department but use only nature for the production allocation cost (Kaplan Anderson, 2013). In Traditional costing technique it is simple to allocate cost as per the rules whereas, in ABC technique it becomes hard and complex Traditional costing technique is concerned with considering very few cost elements whereas, in ABC costing several elements are taken into consideration before allocating cost Advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: This technique is easy to evaluate and determine total production cost in effective manner. It consumes less time and cost in its productions department. It provides bifurcation in products and costing department for particular products Helps in increment in overall profitability of organizations. It evaluate non productive factors of costing house Disadvantages: It does not provide correct result Accompanied with several errors Less information is used in this technique (Weygandt, Kimmel Kieso, 2015). It is very challenging and complex Conclusion: Traditional costing technique and ABC costing both are important to organizations. However, in order to reduce the mistakes and errors in present Traditional costing technique companies use ABC technique in its working department for cost allocation. Now in the end it would be concluded that ABC technique is far better technique for allocation of cost in different department by organizations. References: Garrison, R. H., Noreen, E. W., Brewer, P. C., McGowan, A. (2010). Managerial accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,25(4), 792-793. Kaplan, R., Anderson, S. R. (2013).Time-driven activity-based costing: a simpler and more powerful path to higher profits. Harvard business press. Rasiah, D. (2011). Why Activity Based Costing (ABC) is still tagging behind the traditional costing in Malaysia?.Journal of Applied Finance and Banking,1(1), 83. Weygandt, J. J., Kimmel, P. D., Kieso, D. E. (2015).Financial Managerial Accounting. John Wiley Sons.

The Three Colonial Regions Essay Example For Students

The Three Colonial Regions Essay The Three Regions of the 13 Colonies * The number of people differed among the colony regions; the amount of land in the colonies also differed among the regions with small numbers of people on huge tracts of land. * The first European colonists didnt know how big North America was because they didnt have a map of the continent. * The three geographic regions of the 13 Colonies were the New England Colonies, the Middle Colonies, and the Southern Colonies. The New England Colonies * The four original New England Colonies were: New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. The Environment of the New England Colonies * The climate of the New England Colonies was colder than the other two colonial regions because they were the farthest north. * The climate was a positive factor for the colonists in the New England Colonies; it prevented the spread of life-threatening diseases. * The climate was a negative factor for the colonist in the New England Colonies; the severe winters killed many people. * The geography of New England was mostly hills with rocky soil. The natural resources of the New England Colonies The natural resources of the New England Colonies included fish, whales, trees and furs. * The natural resources were more important than agricultural crops to colonists in New England because of poor, rocky soil and the short growing season. Religion in the New England Colonies * The main function of New England towns was to support the religion of the Puritans. * Religious freedom in Puritan colonies did not exist. The Puritans world view did not t olerate other religions. The Southern Colonies The Environment of the Southern Colonies The climate of the Southern Colonies was the warmest climate of the three colonial regions. * The warmer climate was a positive factor for the colonists in the Southern Colonies. They didnt worry as much about surviving cold winters. * The warmer climate was a negative factor for the colonists in the Southern Colonies; the warm, moist climate carried diseases that killed the colonists. * The geography of the Southern Colonies which had a broad, coastal plain that was hilly and covered with forests. * The natural resources of the Southern Colonies included rich farm land, forests and fish. We will write a custom essay on The Three Colonial Regions specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Religion in the Middle Colonies * There was more religious freedom in the Middle Colonies than in New England. No single church or religion dominated in the Middle Colonies. Contrasts between the North and the South Agricultural Differences * The environment impacted the economy and agriculture in the New England Colonies; farming was not as important for making a living because of climate and geography. * The environment also impacted the economy and agriculture of the Southern Colonies; farming was an important way to make a living because of its climate and geography. The differences between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies in agriculture included the climate and geography. Agriculture influences trade * The difference between the New England Colonies and the Southern Colonies in agriculture: Southern colonists exported agricultural products and New England colonists imported agricultural products. Manufacturing Differences * The New England Colonies looked to th eir natural resources as a way to make a living; the environment forced them to look for other ways to make a living other than farming. The Southern Colonies didnt develop all their natural resources as a way to make a living; there was excellent soil for farming income, so there was no need to develop natural resources for manufacturing. The differences in manufacturing occurred between the Southern Colonies and the New England Colonies: The Southern Colonies developed their maiThe time period from around 1600 to 1740 covered the development of Britains 13 Colonies in North America. In the 13 Colonies, the early colonist’s basic needs were food, shelter and clothing. .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .postImageUrl , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:hover , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:visited , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:active { border:0!important; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:active , .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15 .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ude6583c39e4b14cca857568113d3ff15:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tell tale heart EssayAfter they met those basic needs, the colonists were able to gain wealth through economic activities like farming more land, making items from natural resources or through trade. Religious practices also varied greatly between the regions. ? Commercial manufacturing was done by master craftsmen and their apprentices. ? Trade moved products from the seller to the buyer. Exports were sent to another colony or country; imports came into the colony or country. ? The 3 regions of the 13 Colonies were the New England Colonies, the Southern Colonies and the Middle Colonies. Each of these regions had different geography and climate, which affected their econom ic activities of agriculture and trade. ? Natural resources of the Middle Colonies were rich farmland, timber, furs, iron ore and coal. The Southern Colonies had timber, fishing, and the richest farmland. New England Colonies had fish, whales, trees and furs. ? Religious freedom varied greatly between the 3 regions. There was no religious freedom in the Puritan Colonies of New England, in the Southern Colonies religion provided moral guidance but wasnt a great influence. The Quakers were the biggest influence in the Middle Colonies. Important dates to remember: ? From approximately 1600 to 1740, Britains 13 Colonies were founded in North America. * n natural resource, their farmland, and not much manufacturing; * The opposite occurred in New England. Economic Activities in the 13 Colonies * Some countries, besides England, that were in the British Empire were Wales, Scotland, and parts of Ireland. * Manufacturing: making things by hand or by machine. * Europeans defined natural resources as things made by nature that humans know how to use. Agriculture in the 13 Colonies Most people earned a living before and during the colonial time by farming Manufacturing in the 13 Colonies * Commercial manufacturing is a way to make goods and supplies to sell to others. * A master craftsman: a person who was skilled at making special products like wagons or rifles. * An apprentice was a young person who learned a special skill from a master craftsman. * Men got m ost of the manufacturing jobs because those were the customs and traditions of colonial society. * Besides professional skills, the master craftsman was supposed to teach the apprentice reading, writing, and math. Trade in the 13 Colonies * Traders: people who get wealth by buying items from a group of people at a low price and selling those things to other people at higher prices. * Imports: trade goods that are brought into a colony or country. * Exports: trade goods that are sent to another colony or country. Multiple perspectives on imports and exports. * Britain bought ships from the 13 Colonies for imports because things were made in the 13 Colonies and sent to Britain. * The Colonies exported ships, which mean they were made in the Colonies. Imports and a shortage of master craftsmen. The colonists imported items from Britain even though the same items were manufactured in the colonies. The skilled craftspeople could not make those products fast enough. * Credit: means being able to buy something now with a promise to pay later. * The problem that credit caused the colonists: many were always in debt. Trade and the development of colonial towns and cities * A break-in-transport is the g eographic location where goods and supplies were loaded and unloaded. * A break-in-transport came first and then a town or village would develop. The first colonial towns started along riverbanks or the ocean coast because the first European settlers traveled by water to the shores and products were imported and exported from the towns along the shores. Water for transportation. * It was easier to transport goods by water than by roads for the first colonists because products were heavy or bulky and could be transported faster, with more ease, and at a lower cost by boats. Economic Activities in the New England Colonies Agriculture of the New England Colonies * A subsistence farmer hardly raised enough food to feed their families. Many New England farmers, in order to make enough money to support their families during the non-growing season: had to find jobs in fishing, logging or trapping for fur. * Agriculture in the New England Colonies: poor soil, mountains, cold winters, and a short growing season. * Cash crops: crops or animals raised to make money. Manufacturing in the New England Colonies * Naval products: All the things needed to build and sail a ship. * England encouraged the New England shipbuilding industry: Englands forests were used up. The second important industry in New England: the alcoholic drink called rum. The Environment and Manufacturing * The New Englanders accommodated to their environment by finding other ways to make a living. Trade in the New England Colonies * The New England trade was known as a triangular trade. The trading ships followed ocean routes that formed a triangle on the world map. * For the New England colonies, manufactured products were exports because they were made there and shipped out. Economic Activities in the Middle Colonies Agriculture in the Middle Colonies The environmental factors that allowed farmers from the Middle Colonies to grow cash crops were flat land that had rich soil and a longer growing season. Agriculture in the Middle Colonies included corn, vegetables, grain, fruit and livestock. Manufacturing in the Middle Colonies * Manufacturing in the Middle Colonies included iron ore products like tools, kettles, nails and plows and huge blocks of iron to export to Britain. Trade in the Middle Colonies * Trade in the Middle Colonies included exported agricultural products and natural resources, imported European manufactured goods, but never developed triangular trade routes.

Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essays

Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essays Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essay Drama shows us that those who control language dictate the events of the play Essay The Tempest written by William Shakespeare and Translations written by Brian Friel both look at how those who control language can dictate events. Despite the disparity of context, both plays share many core themes and explore the importance of language and how it can be used as a means of control. Both plays show linguistic hegemony, and demonstrate how one language can take dominance and displace another and how language can be stigmatised, so that it becomes dirtied and debased. In The Tempest, Calibans original language is belittled to gabble and babble by a Eurocentric Miranda. While in Translations Lanceys snobbish attitude to the townspeople and his use of circumlocutory beaurocratic jargon exposes his personal discomfort at being with foreign civilians. Prospero is in control of language within the Tempest, he is the most educated and he also has magical powers. Throughout the play Prospero uses language to coerce characters to do what he wants; his linguistic and magical aut hority is used to dictate the events of the play. Prospero foregrounds the plays fictionality my charm the magicalism of art, and he becomes almost a scriptwriter within the play by drawing attention to the illusory nature of art. In Translations it is the colonisers who control language, however it is the townspeople who dictate the events of the play. The English use language as an act of cultural and linguistic imperialism, the Irish respond in different ways to the occupation of their homeland. Friel explores the relationship between the colonised and the colonisers; by retaliating the people of Baele Beag reassert control over their own destiny and dictate the events of the play: Hugh and Jimmy Jack use mental power, Manus and the Donnelly Twins choose physical power, whereas Owen and Maire choose reasoning power. Similarly in The Tempest, Shakespeares characters also try to regain control over the events of the play, Ariel uses reasoning power, and Caliban uses physical power and at times mental power. Throughout The Tempest, Prospero appears to be fully in control of the events of the play. He uses language to persuade the audience of this, he refers to his plans as my art and my project. An omniscient Prospero appears to have charted what will happen from the beginning of the play, he is the author of everyones destiny. In Ron Daniels production of The Tempest Prospero is portrayed as an actor-manager rather than a colonialist, so that the play becomes metatheatre. Shakespeares characterisation of Prospero, is of someone with great skill and dexterity when dealing with other characters in the play, Prospero is good at manipulating people to do what he wants, this is analogous to Translations were the English are very good at manipulating the Irish into speaking English. The language Prospero uses with Ariel is very cunning, and their duologues are very contractual. In Act One, Scene Two we see Ariel compose a mini-rebellion against Prospero, albeit a short one, Prospero quickly r eminds Ariel of the cruelty of his former master, Sycorax who had trapped Ariel in a split pine tree. Prosperos proficient use of language is emphasised Thou my slave,/ as thou reportst thyself, was then her servant Prospero uses reason to persuade Ariel that It was mine art which liberated him from the torment/To lay upon the damned. Prospero promotes himself from a coloniser to a liberator and uses linguistic power to convince Ariel. From a dramatic point of view Prosperos understanding of language convinces Ariel to remain loyal. Translations also shows how blurred the line is between coloniser and liberator. Translations is set in the 19th century, however it is very much to do with the situation in Ireland in recent times, throughout the 1980s there were violent clashes between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, British intervention was viewed as liberation by the Northern Irish but as Colonisation by the Republic of Ireland. From a modern perspective, it can be compared with the response to the Iraqi Crisis by the British public, the West has come under allot of crit icism with regard to its true intentions for invading Iraq. Friels characterisation of Hugh and Manus personal relationship can be seen as parallel to the English and Irish political relationship, Manus exploitation by Hugh reflects the political exploitation of the Irish by the English. Like the British, Hugh can be viewed as an autocratic and tyrannous. In addition Hugh also uses language to control events. Hugh is negligent teacher, he refuses to teach Maire to speak English when she asks, he simply ignores her We have been diverted- diverto. Hugh allows his personal feelings towards the English obstruct his students from fulfilling their potential, he prefers to teach them the classical languages of Latin and Greek which Maire informs him is a barrier to modern progress. This view was advocated by Daniel OConnell, whom Hugh ignorantly reduces to a little Kerry politician. Friels characterisation of Hugh of someone who is historically blinkered; he needs Dutch courage and escapism to avoid the truth. The stage directions describe Hugh prod ucing a flask of whisky Hugh then precedes to toss it back, Hugh is intoxicating himself, a parallel might be drawn to Jimmy jack who is similarly intoxicated by the classics. It can be argued therefore that Friel depicts Hugh as using language to confine his students, for language will empower people such as Maire and will give her access to all forms of knowledge. It is notable that Shakespeares depiction of Caliban towards Prospero is completely different. Prospero uses verbal abuse and invectives as form of discipline to reassert his authority, he refers to Caliban as a hag seed, a son of a witch, Prospero also uses his magical language to coerce Caliban Here comes a spirit of his, and to torment me from a dramatic point of view, Caliban is shown as powerless and defenceless in the wrath of Prosperos fury. Prospero uses language to commune with the spirits and he bidem to persecute Caliban, like in Translations language is used to control and penalize. In some productions, Caliban has been interpreted as a representation of the indigenous populations of colonised countries. In Aime Cesaires rewriting of The Tempest Une Tempete, published in 1968 amidst the Black civil rights movement known as the Negritude, we see a different spin on the play. The colonizer and the colonized can be compared to slavery, and the relationship between the slave and the master. Cesaires Prospero is shown as a slave-driving exploiter. Caliban is changed from Shakespeares ignorant savage to a black colonized native whose language and culture have been displaced by Prosperos; Ariel is even played by a mulatto so as to bridge the gap between the two. From a modern post-colonialist perspective, Prospero, the coloniser, sees the importance of language as a device used to control, for if Caliban speaks Prosperos language, effectively Prosperos can shape Caliban. In Translations, the English colonisers also use language as a device control the Irish. The introduction of free education of the English national schools shows the tactics employed by the English to transform Ireland from a predominantly Gaelic-speaking nation to an English-speaking nation. Education and language are used so that Irish history and culture would be written in English, and fundamentally shaped by the British. At the end of the The Tempest Prospero breaks the suspension of disbelief Our revels now are ended he draws attention to the fictional status of the play. Prospero renounces his power, now my charms are all oerthrown. It can be said that Prosperos loss of power empowers the audience, we see a social role reversal and the subversion of social hierarchy, this is a convention of a comedy, it is now Prospero who is confined, indicated by the use of a second person plural, and this confuses the equilibrium. From a narrative point of view the audience as a magician emerges by your spell, this completes the role reversal. In the end it is the audience who dictate the events of the play with the help of your good hands. The fact that Translations expresses Irish characters in the English language shows that translation of some kind is possible, from a modern perspective we see that a hybrid in the used of Hiberno-English this confirms Hughs view We must learn to make them our own.

English Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

English - Research Paper Example on that was made during the research was that all the included companies were already optimizing their profits, and that was the reason Google Company collected data from these companies. The entire report covered practices that could lead the company to realize its optimal profits as well as the practices deemed to deny the company its optimal results. The study did not cover the rival companies’ aftermaths of realizing their optimal results since the research was only focused on the Google Company. The limitations encountered were mobility from one company to another. Also, some companies were not willing to share some of the information that we needed and, therefore, much time was used while trying to convince the managers the need for the study. To guide us in the study, we researched on some similar studies that have been done in the past. According to Schoeffler et al, (2014), companies’ management teams have to ensure that they offer the best environment to their employees for optimal profits. Another study conducted by Watson (2013) stated that it is the role of both the senior and junior employees to ensure that the company reaches its optimal production levels. Also, Reichheld and Sasser (2010) wrote that both internal and external factors affect the productivity of any given company. As such, we realized that a company’s productivity is affected by many forces that the company has to be aware of. Yield optimization- this method was found only to work well for the advertising department. Compared to other companies, Google Company has relaxed on using this method and, therefore, this is one of the causes of the company’s low profits. Revenue optimization- in this section, Google Company has managed to improve its relationships with its customers basing on its segmentations. Thus, the company management has dealt with the varying segmentations as required. Also, in the offensive manner, the company has increased its sales by creating new

Nursing and decision making in mental health nursing Essay

Nursing and decision making in mental health nursing - Essay Example While admitted as a patient in the mental health facility, Jo actually showed signs of improvement in that his emotional state grew more balanced and he showed signs of functioning as an ordinary person even though he was not given any medicine. He also regularly participated in discussions with the professionals and seemed to understand the methods to use so as to restrain his emotions when he experienced stressful occurrences in the outside world. Jo appeared to be on his way to full recovery when he was suddenly visited by two friends the evening after he had returned from his leave. The friends appeared to be in possession of cannabis as well as knives. When some of Jo’s fellow patients, who were in the same room in which Jo sat with his visiting friends, reported this to the nurses that they had heard about a prospective fight, they were removed from the room and Jo’s friends left even without being asked to. Soon after, Jo demanded to be allowed to leave the ward. Against the advice and suggestions of the nurses that he remain, he insisted and was then allowed to leave. Owing to the fact that the member of staff was anxious that Jo would return with weapons to the ward, they asked him to discharge himself before leaving. The authorities also informed the police of the presence of Jo’s friends and the fact that they were in possession of cannabis and knives before they left the ward. A Key Decision within the Case When a nurse is faced with a decision to make between harbouring a potentially destructive client or revealing his or her intentions to law enforcement authorities, the nurse is usually faced with the problem of having to decide whether to protect the other patients and respecting the rights of the patient who is showing the potential for causing harm to himself or others (Antonius, Fuchs, Herbert, Kwon, Fried, Burton, Straka, Levin, Caligor, and Malaspina 2010). In normal circumstances, the nurse would merely discuss the pat ient’s concerns with him or her and then offer advice on how best to tackle feelings of hopelessness and destruction before they could become unmanageable. The nurse will only consider the possibility of letting other people know about the problems of her patient if he or she refuses to take the advice that is being offered (Fiscella 2004). By letting her supervisors or even law enforcement authorities know about a client’s threats to cause harm to others, the nurse is actually violating the patient’s confidentiality (Wolf, Lehman, Quinlin, Rosenszweig, Friede, Zullo and Hoffman 2008). In this case, it can be said that the decision to inform the police of the presence of Jo’s friends and subsequent request to Jo to discharge himself from the ward when he insisted on accompanying his knife and cannabis carrying friends, is the key decision. Even though the Jo was begged to stay in the ward by the nurses, he insisted on going after his friends who had openl y spoken about a fight that was going to happen. The Ethical, Legal, Political and Professional Issues that are Related to this Key Decision Professional: In psychiatric practice, patients can make the choice to refuse treatment even if it may actually improve their lives. This means that Jo was merely exercising his rights by refusing to remain at the ward even when he was asked to remain by nurses who were worried that exposure to reckless characters would merely

Impacts of Workplace Violence in Nursing

Impacts of Workplace Violence in Nursing Introduction (1/2 page) In this paper, I will explore the concept of the Workplace Violence with three following issues of sense of powerlessness, job satisfaction and psychological and physiological effects on the victim’s well-being. An example of the clinical situation detailing an environment, facts and events leading to the development of the clinical situation will be provided, followed by the short discussion of relevance of this topic to myself both clinically and personally. The evidence from existing literature will be incorporated into the detailed identification, discussion and analysis of each of the three issues. A special section with a discussion on how my further practice as a registered nurse influenced by the lessons learned from these events will follow. Conclusive remarks with some key elements in the paper will be elaborated at the end. Description of the Clinical Situation (1 page) While working as a newly recruited registered nurse (RN) in the short stay unit at our local hospital I was providing care for a 25 years old woman. She was 13 weeks pregnant and a missed abortion. The patient was in the process of passing products of conception, experiencing a severe pain, constantly screaming and demanding me to provide her with much stronger pain medication. I have explained that I have already administered painkillers, as prescribed, and it would take time for them to kick in. Yet, patient was not listening and continuously demanded to see the physician. After numerous unsuccessful attempts, I contacted the physician, explained the situation and was immediately yelled at, instantly being labeled as â€Å"unworthy, not knowing anything, unable to do my job† with many other degrading and demeaning remarks at each phone call. Shocked, I contacted my supervisor and asked for an advice, but got the reply that â€Å"these things happen†¦ welcome to the rea l RN life, calm down and try to contact him again†. I did it again and got exactly same treatment. I have documented and reported these incidents on the same day. I learned that, apparently, the yelling, and name-calling was an acceptable pattern of behavior from this physician directed at all new RNs and I was told to accept the â€Å"facts of life â€Å" that, hierarchically, nurses are at the bottom of the â€Å"feeder† (Christie Johnes, 2009) and should not go against the physicians, advise them or even ask for help. This news really threw me off. The following day I called in sick. I felt emotionally distressed, powerless, unprotected and could not convince myself for making a right decision by choosing RN as my profession in Canada. I have never encountered these kind of physician-nurse relationships before. Discussion of Relevance of Clinical Situation/ Topic Both Personally and Professionally (1/2page) The situation of the workplace violence speaks to me directly as it affects not only my personal wellbeing, but also impacts the quality of care I provide. Unsafe workplace environment allowing for re-occurring violence outbreaks in any form ultimately leads to deteriorating outcomes in emotional and mental health of the nurse, personal well-being and patient safety. As a nurse and a human being, I have a full right to work in a safe workplace environment, protected from any form of physical and emotional abuse from either my clients (patients, visitors) or my co-workers and supervisors. The fact that doctor continuously treated me as having less knowledge and his ongoing demeaning remarks as well as forcing me by staff nurse to accept such oppressing behaviour I consider as acts horizontal violence. (Johnson, 2009). (2) Review of literature(1/2 page) I have reviewed the available literature on the topic†¦ and †¦found†¦.list here statistical information of the prevalence of the horizontal violence, resulting powerlessness, nurse dissatisfaction, effects on the physical and mental state of nurses. The frequency with which hospital violence occurs is rather shocking. The Emergency Nurses Association (ENA, 2010) has conducted a study that found that 8%–13% of emergency department nurses are victims of violence every week. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 46% of all violent acts in the workplace that necessitated time off were against RNs. (1) - Identification, Discussion and Analysis of 3 Issues of the Concept Within the Clinical Situation (6-9) Issue 1: Powerlessness (2 pages) Hincherberger (2009) identified that one of the symptoms of the dynamics surrounding oppression that creates a sense of powerlessness in its victims is a horizontal violence. In order for the horizontal violence to occur a formalized working relationship, where individuals are mutually working to achieve a certain goal, must be present. (Ventura-Madangeng Wilson, 2009,p.40). Evidently, in my situation, we had a formalized working relationship between physician and myself as a nurse, working together to achieve a common goal of helping our patient to overcome severe pain followed by the procedure. An understanding how to deal with nurses’ experiences of powerlessness within the workplace resulting from the acts of horizontal violence is essential for nursing practice and ultimately effective delivery of patient care (Coursey, Dieckmann, Austin Rodriguez, 2013). While horizontal or lateral violence is generally defined as any type of unwanted abuse or hostility within the workp lace it is considered as an act of aggression among healthcare professionals (Becker Visovsky, 2012). Experiencing an aggression makes a nurse feel powerless. Some of the characteristic circumstances leading to the experience of the powerlessness involve evidence of the exercising physician control or dominance in incidents involving fundamental human situations triggering strong emotions in all involved (Coursey et all, 2013). Pain and miserable condition exhibited by my patient has stimulated strong emotions and desire to provide better patient care. Another defining attribute of horizontal violence is the use, misuse and abuse of power in an attempt to disempower the individual, to elicit favourable response and that is used within formal relationships to achieve goals and objectives through an interpersonal process (Ventura-Madangeng Wilson, 2009, p.40). Doctors have traditionally dominated those groups lower in the hierarchy, most notably nursing (Dykema, 1985). Diminishing of nursing care and disregard for nursing decisions are often manifested through power plays (Dwyer, 2011). Newly recruited nurses, myself not exception, frequently see themselves as having little or no power while in the role. Physician’s continuous degrading statements about my practice quality and methods in an attempt to force me to act independently or convince the patient clearly demonstrated physician’s power control and push for dominance. Subsequent supervisor’s comments about the general acceptance of the existing unhealthy hierarchical relationship created frustration, unwanted feelings of being out of control, understanding of non-existent collegial support, pressured, isolated, hopeless, demoralized and invalidated. A detailed analysis of the impact of powerlessness arising from incidents involving horizontal violence has helped to identify its numerous effects. Being constantly subjected to the effects of horizontal violence nurses, in general, feel o ppressed (King-Johnes, 2011). The oppression of nurses is perpetuated by both the hierarchical structure of health care organization they work in, and by nurses internalized oppression. The greatest impact is on the nurse as victim, professional practice, and the implications for patient care. Zerabvel Wright (2012) believed that being exposed to harmful effects of horizontal violence made nurses less empathetic to the wounds of others. And what is more alarming is that coping with feelings of powerlessness members of the oppressed group contributed to displacing all aggressiveness and negative emotions onto each other rather than onto actual perpetrators or members of the dominant group (King-Johnes, 2011). Issue 2: effects on physical and psychological well being (2 pages) Boykova (2011) indicated that based on hospital power hierarchies, nurses as a group, are always subject to various types of oppressions. She also, suggested that nursing continues being perceived inferior to the medical profession. Oppressors are always clearly identified, but are not frequently reprimanded. Various researchers have identified members of medical team and nursing management as a valid oppressor of other nurses in an attempt to absorb lower status nurses into existing hospital power hierarchies (Roberts, Demarco, Griffin, 2009). Being repeatedly told that all new nurses with this doctor â€Å"have gone through similar events† and indirect indication that these events were not to be taken personally, but to be accepted â€Å"as is† created an unwanted psychological effect of viewing myself as a weak and unable to provide good care nurse. Hutchinson, Vickers, Wilkes Jackson (2010) found that horizontal violence exercised by the members of medical team and management can ultimately affect nurse wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ being. Effects of exposure to horizontal violence include psychological and physiological impacts on victim’s well-being often results in health and mental problems. Many psychological unintended consequences occurring sometime after an event affect the victim with such outcomes as increased fatigue, frequent mood swings, negative changes in personal life and values and frequent ranting to partner. Faced with organizational resistance to support me, I emotionally reacted manifesting not one but several symptoms at once including sadness, frustration, irritability, hurt, anger and most importantly stress. An analysis of several studies confirmed that approximately 80% of health care employees experienced at least one adverse symptom in response to work-related violence, while 25% of victims of nonphysical violence experienced five or more troublesome symptoms (Kitaneh Hamdan, 2012; Findorff, McGovern, Sinclair, 2005; APNA, 2008). Additionally, Thomas and Burke (2009) examining narratives of nurses experiencing horizontal violence stated that the greatest impact of horizontal violence is stress. Stress-related health and workplace problems include increased blood pressure, avoidance of professional relationships, depression, anxiety, lowered work performance, toxic work environment, and an emotionally oppressive environment (Broome, 2008). Physical and psychological maladies deriving form exposure to stress include weight loss/gain, hypertension, cardiac problems, gastro-intestinal disorders, headache, insomnia, chronic fatigue, anxiety, depression, substance abuse, and feelings of isolation, insecurity, low self-esteem, post traumatic stress disorder, and suicidal and homicidal thoughts (Bigony et al. 2009). One of the emotions shared by the bullied and bystanders is fear. Fear is a very real and powerful emotion that can result in negative consequences. Exposure to horizontal violence can result in anxiety, weight changes and exacerbation of previously controlled conditions such as hypertension or irritable bowel syndrome (Faminu, 2011). Randall (2001) studied the effects of bullying in adulthood and states that targets of bullying may develop autonomic reactions (e.g., feeling out of breath, blood pressure changes) muscle manifestations (e.g., backache, neck pain), cognitive reactions (e.g., inability to concentrate, irritability, sensitivity) up to and including post-traumatic stress disorder. Intimidation and fear of retaliation prevents reporting of bullying behavior by both the target and the witnesses allowing the negative behavior to continue (Lally, 2009). The greatest danger of fear in healthcare is the fear of conflict that can result in medical errors if those intimidated by aggressive behavior fail to speak up (Langlois, 2009). Adult targets often do not have the capability of productively handling a bullying situation. Their attempts to manage the situation frequently escalate the conflict, particularly if the bully has greater authority. The negative behavioral effects on the target progress from anxiety to loss of motivation and to outbursts of emotion. Loss of emotional control can result in the target displaying aggression and escalating the conflict and bullying behavior (Lee Brotheridge, 2006). Must ADD some line of how all of the above linked back to my clinical situation Issue 3: decreased job satisfaction/motivation (1.5page) Work-related violence in the health care system is a complex and dangerous occupational hazard and impacts the job satisfaction and motivation as well as the quality of the care provided (Arnetz Arnetz, 2001; Needham et al., 2005). Research identified multiple situations in which nurses felt unheard, unappreciated and disrespected by their medical colleagues that ultimately led to nurses’ re-examination of their stand on patient-organization loyalty. (Aytac Dursun 2012; Rodwell Demir 2012). As in my clinical situation, this manifested in moral distress and dilemma, as I felt my loyalty should be primarily to the patient. It is obvious, that the greatest negative effects of workplace violence are felt by the victim (Kvas, 2011). Budin et al. (2013) confirmed that it not only affects the victim’s health, satisfaction with work and life, confidence, but also causes emotional exhaustion and burnout. Being subjected to this situation I was depressed, anxious and basically encountered a work-related stress (Aytac Dursun 2012; Rodwell Demir 2012).(kvas) Many psychological unintended consequences arising from experiencing acts of non-physical horizontal violence have a strong impact on the victims with such outcomes as decreased job satisfaction, performance and absenteeism (Merecz, Drabek Moscicka, 2009; Schat Frone, 2011). The following day I felt tired, upset, unhappy and did not come to work reporting being sick. I believed that my knowledge and my skills deserved better recognition either from physician on call or from the nurse manager. When I finally went back to work I noticed my decreased job performance especially in the daily routine activities. Gerberich et al. (2004) observed that workers exposed to nonphysical violence had high rates of quitting or job transfer. Continuous exposure to the disrespectful remarks and unwillingness of management to deal with situation as it arose I immediately started to research other departments at our hospital where I could transfer to work with physicians known to be more respectful of nurse’s skills. An analysis of the issue clearly sheds a light to the fact that perceptions of violence affects job satisfaction and motivation. (Roche). Generally, nurses experiencing horizontal violence felt less happy at work, had greater work stress, lower morale, less respect for staff compared to unexposed nurses and perceived less supervisory support. The number of violent exposures is inversely correlated with feelings of job safety and satisfaction (Ienacco et al, 2013). Violence is not a constituent part of the profession and nurses deserve to work in a safe working environment. To achieve this goal, all members of the nursing profession must, jointly with other stakeholders (doctors, patients, relatives), actively contribute to changes.(kvas). Discussion of How My Future Practice May be Influenced (1-1.5 pages) Nurses must acknowledge the existence of horizontal violence, confront horizontal violence, and take appropriate actions to mitigate it (Vessey et al., 2010). A policy of zero tolerance for any sort of horizontal violence in the workplace is the goal (Center for American Nurses, 2008). Nursing staff must take a role in combating horizontal violence. Nurses must know the policies that govern professional conduct in the workplace (Maxfield et al., 2005), and feel empowered to take actions against HV. Strategies for empowerment consist of confronting and teambuilding (Kupperschmidt, 2006), mentorship programs (Latham, Hogan, Ringl, 2008), and cognitive rehearsal (Stagg et al., 2011). Maxfield and colleagues (2005) found only 5%- 15% of nurses would confront a colleague concerning unprofessional behaviors. Only 10% of nurses felt comfortable enough to confront a coworker displaying HV (Wilson et al., 2011). Based on the impact horizontal violence had on the me as a nurse, especially effects of psychological and physical on well being, sense of powerlessness and dramatic reduction in job satisfaction I learned important lessons from it. First lesson was that I wanted to continue working as a nurse I have to stop thinking of myself as a member of the oppressed group, start being proactive, disallow any attempts on diminishing my efforts or stop any occurences of any demaning remarks directed at me from any member of medical team being so physician, supervisor or colleage. Second lessond I should maintain a healthy view of self, so as not to personalize attacks of HV (Kerfoot, 2007). avoid unnecessary emotional turmoil, learn to be assertive (Exhibiting assertive behavior at the time of the event is considered an acceptable response to HV behaviors. If possible, actions that constitute bullying should be confronted during or immediately following the incident. Conversation must remain both empathic and factual (Randle et al., 2007).) in situations of horizontal violence. Journaling, another strategy to address HV, can serve dual purposes. First, keeping a detailed journal will help the victim maintain a timeline of events (Cleary et al., 2009). Second, journaling may provide an emotional outlet for the psychological distress associated with HV. Good documentation requires a list of witnesses to the accounts and all notes, texts, or emails from the perpetrator also be kept as part of the journal (Cleary et al., 2009; Edwards OConnell, 2007). Final lesson, that influenced my further practice was job satisfaction†¦ Summary/Conclusion (1/2 page) Text here Kitaneh, M., Hamdan, M., (2012) Workplace violence against physicians and nurses in Palestinian public hospitals: a cross-sectional study, BMC Health Services Research 2012, 12:469 retrieved from http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/12/469

Rape and Behavioral Changes Essay

In this century, the term rape is common in every part of the world. According to a Firstpost. India, (2013), approximately 68,000 rape cases were reported alone in India during 2009-2012. But only 16,000 cases were sentenced. This shows how serious the rape cases are. Nowadays in different parts of the country, where these types of crimes are increasing, woman’s live in fear. They have no idea where, when or whom will attack them. For anyone it can be the most torturing and disgusting that would happen in their life. Rapists should be punished in such a way that no one else would ever think about committing a rape. But, without harsh actions, the situation will not improve and women’s protection will stay as an incomplete hallucination. Firstly, people should learn how to take such cases seriously, most importantly police. It can be one of the easiest ways to reduce such crimes. Some people say that, rape is not equal to murder, so death penalty is not suitable for this. In my opinion those people who commit this crime does not deserve any respect to live. It is because, the victim suffers a lot throughout her life, and they lose trust and self confidence in themselves. Victims try to suicide or they are even murdered, moreover effects on children due to physical attack, and other kinds of social complications. The victim suffers a lot through her life due to rape. Since the childhood, children are told to ignore strangers who offers them sweets, as for teenagers in this century, they need to be very careful who they have relationships with, it will not be too difficult to understand what I am saying. As there is news everywhere about some close friend or someone who you believe as a family member raped someone. According to Barker (2012), 73% of sexual assaults are committed by someone the victim knows somehow. And two-thirds of rapes are committed by someone well-known to the victim. Everyone’s life is valuable, no one have the right to take the life from them. Pregnancy and other kinds of physical damages are suffered by victims. If the victim is alive, remembrance of such assaults is tormenting. This may even lead to brain damages. So due to this those people who commit the murder have no right to live. Secondly, when someone goes through such kinds of mistreatment, the victim find it difficult to trust anyone. They wish to stay alone; in addition the victim loses him or her self-confidence. In order to continue their life, a lot of self-confidence is important. Or else there will not be any success in life, rather down-fall. They may even feel angry and shame, due to this they may try to seek revenge. This may lead to unexpected downfall in the society. Thus, the whole future of the victim is ruined, because in most of the cases the victim is ignored by the society. Some people believe that hanging the rapist, will not stop them. But in my opinion they will step back, this will reduce the crime rate. At the same time, victims commit suicide or they are even murdered. According to Mulugeta, Kassave & Berhane (1998), In Ethiopia, 6% of raped schoolgirls reported having attempted suicide. Now think how much it might have increased until 2013. Victims feel humiliated to talk about what had happened to them. And rapists murder the victim inorder to hide their mistake. Or else they want to unidentified. Letting the rapists walk freely will result in, repeating of such cases by the same person. This will lead to fear in the society. You may see in everyday news, people protesting against the rapists. But the justice is not given to these people. In contrast, physical attack on children or infants may lead to different problems such as, anxiety, behavioral changes, depression, eating disorders, school learning problems and many more. This might affect the growth of the child. Ancestral rape has been shown to be one of the supreme life threatening forms of juvenile distress, a trauma that repeatedly does serious and long-standing emotional loss, mainly in the incident of maternal incest. A murder is like abolishing the physical frame of the victim such as rape degrades the helpless life of the victim. To this end, there are many social problems faced due to such cases. It could spread dangerous diseases, such as HIV. This is a fact that should not be ignored. Moreover, if these people are set free, chances of increase in crime rates is high. For example, the rapists go into the jail due to committing this crime, but he is let out after few weeks or years, then the first think in his mind will be taking the revenge from that person who let him into the jail. This is a fact that everyone believes. In addition, social problems, like murder will occur. The parent or anyone closer to the victim, may murder the rapists. This will lead to many other problems which do not have an end. To conclude, letting the rapists walk freely is dangerous for both society and the victim. Since we have no idea what type of a crime will he commit next. Similarly, crime that rapists commit cannot be forgiven, they should be hanged. Since, due to such crime, the victim suffers a lot, such as physical damages, behavioral changes and mind damages. Moreover, victim loses her self-confidence which will lead loss of future to the victim if victim tries to seek revenge. Furthermore, victims of such crimes commit suicide, which is unacceptable for the family of the victim. A physical attack on infants and children ruins their childhood, leading problems of education, distress, and loss of self-esteem. Continuing the discussion it also causes many social problems in the society as well as the country. This includes, women’s and children living in fear, spread of dangerous diseases such as HIV, murders and many more. Finally, in my opinion a rapist does not deserve to live, as I believe that raping is equal to the murder and an action to stop such people should be taken seriously.